Foi realizada, às 19h de terça-feira, a mesa-redonda “Palestina e o Direito Internacional” no auditório do Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Brasília.
Organizado pelo Grupo de Estudos Retóricas do Poder e Resistências (GERPOR-UnB) e pelo
Comitê de Solidariedade à Palestina do Distrito Federal
(CSP-DF), o evento teve por objetivo tratar dos usos e limitações do Direito Internacional no caso palestino e da perseguição judicial (
lawfare
), no Brasil e no mundo, contra defensores da causa palestina.
O evento contou com a presença das pesquisadoras palestinas Rula Shadid e Nada Awad, do comunicador Thiago Ávila e da diplomata Cláudia Assaf, que aproveitou a ocasião para anunciar vitória judicial contra o lobby sionista no Brasil. O advogado Thiago Guilherme, especialista em relações étnico-raciais e representante legal de Assaf no processo, mediou o debate.
Nada Awad, coautora do relatório
Apartheid israelense: ferramenta do colonialismo sionista
, destacou a importância do enfrentamento de narrativas coloniais sobre a questão palestina. Conforme Nada, enfrentar a versão das potências imperialistas sobre os eventos é a condição para tratar da raiz da questão palestina.
“Palavras, palavras, palavras… Não me importam!”
Rula Shadid, diretora do
Instituto Palestino para a Diplomacia Pública
(PIPD) relatou sua indignação com o que ouviu em reuniões com deputados e representantes do Ministério das Relações Exteriores do governo Luís Inácio. A especialista demonstrou surpresa e decepção com o conteúdo das reuniões oficiais que teve durante sua visita ao Brasil, uma vez que considerava possível ter em Luiz Inácio e seu governo um aliado da causa Palestina.
O Brasil segue mantendo negócios e acordos militares com um regime que o próprio Luiz Inácio já considerou cometedor de crimes similares ao holocausto nazista, apesar de em outra ocasião ter chamado a Resistência Nacional Palestina de “fanáticos”.
Dezenas de acordos militares estão em vigor, neste momento, com o Estado de Israel, incluindo 36 obuseiros e drones fabricados pelo governo israelense. Para Rula, é inaceitável normalizar de tal maneira a realidade do genocídio contra os palestinos.
Combatendo a perseguição política contra os defensores da causa Palestina
Cláudia Assaf e Thiago Ávila são notórios divulgadores da causa palestina no Brasil. Por esse motivo, ambos são constantemente difamados e perseguidos de diversas formas pelo lobby sionista.
“Construímos uma maioria social pró-palestina; e isso ninguém nos tira”, disse Thiago Ávila. O internacionalista crê que a maioria das massas de todo o mundo é hoje pró-Palestina, apesar dos esforços de propaganda imperialista e do controle que tal bloco exerce sobre a maior parte dos Estados-membros reconhecidos pelas Nações Unidas. Para Ávila, é preciso enfrentar sem medo as ameaças do
lobby
.
Cláudia Assaf relatou os detalhes da perseguição judicial que sofreu por parte do lobby sionista. Ela foi processada criminalmente, sob acusação de antissemitismo, por um notório lobista israelense no Brasil – o mesmo que, recentemente, conseguiu condenar o jornalista judeu antissionista Breno Altman por antissemitismo.
Com a ajuda de Thiago Guilherme, mediador do debate, Assaf conseguiu convencer o Judiciário brasileiro a arquivar, em duas instâncias, a acusação de que fora vítima. Tal vitória é importante, segundo ela, para a construção de jurisprudência em favor da liberdade de expressão dos militantes brasileiros contra o apartheid israelense.
Destacou-se a importância de combater o uso desonesto da definição de antissemitismo da Associação Internacional para a Memória do Holocausto (IHRA). Thiago Guilherme classificou a definição como um “cavalo de Tróia” que mistura definições válidas de antissemitismo com a interdição de qualquer crítica ao regime israelense.
De acordo com a IHRA, denunciar o fato objetivo do caráter racista do ente sionista, por exemplo – uma realidade inquestionável e fartamente documentada – seria antissemitismo. A adoção da IHRA por governadores reacionários de oito estados do Brasil, incluindo o Distrito Federal, é mais um sinal do avanço da perseguição política praticada pelo lobby sionista no Brasil.
A mensagem final do evento, ecoada por todos os seus participantes, foi no sentido do encorajamento. Para Thiago Ávila, agora é a hora de redobrar os esforços no combate ao colonialismo israelense.
“O que quer que aconteça com os palestinos também acontecerá com os demais povos do Sul Global”, afirmou Ávila.
PDF Content: PDF Source:
AL-HAQ Israeli Apartheid Tool of Zionist Settler Colonialism
Authors Rania Muhareb, Elizabeth Rghebi, Pearce Clancy, Joseph Schechla, Nada Awad, and Maha Abdallah ISBN 978-9950-327-92-4 Design Hamza Dado Cover photo © Anne Paq/Activestills Publisher Al-Haq - © All Rights Reserved - 2022 Any quotation of up to 500 words may be used without permission provided that full attribution is given. Longer quotations or entire chapters or sections of this study may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the express written permission of Al-Haq.Al-Haq - © All Rights ReservedAl-Haq - 54 Main Street 1st & 2nd Fl. - Opp. Latin Patriarchate Saint Andrew’s Evangelical Church - (Protestant Hall) P.O.Box: 1413 - Ramallah - West Bank - Palestine Tel: + 970 2 2954646/7/9 Fax: + 970 2 2954903 www.alhaq.org
Authors’ Information Rania Muhareb is an Irish Research Council and Hardiman PhD scholar at the Irish Centre for Human Rights in the School of Law at the University of Galway. She is an Al-Shabaka policy member and a former legal researcher and advocacy officer at Al-Haq. She holds an LLM in international human rights and humanitarian law from the European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) and an undergraduate degree from Sciences Po Paris, Campus Moyen-Orient Méditerranée à Menton. Elizabeth Rghebi is the Levant researcher at the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, based in Tunis. She received her MA in Middle Eastern studies from Columbia University in the City of New York and her BA in government from Georgetown University. Pearce Clancy is an Irish Research Council PhD scholar at the Irish Centre for Human Rights in the School of Law at the University of Galway and holds the National University of Ireland’s EJ Phelan Fellowship in International Law. Pearce is a former legal researcher at Al-Haq. Joseph Schechla coordinates the Geneva and Cairo-based Housing and Land Rights Network of Habitat International Coalition. As a United Nations official, he has also represented the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Palestine and Tunisia and served as consultant for the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Support Mission in Libya. With an academic background in international relations, Joseph has studied in the United States and Germany, receiving an MA in contemporary Arab studies from Georgetown University. Nada Awad is a Palestinian activist with a master’s degree in international relations and international security from Sciences Po Paris. Her work focuses on addressing human rights violations through the United Nations Human Rights Council and its mechanisms. She was previously responsible for the Advocacy Unit at Al-Quds University’s Community Action Center, where she focused on the forcible transfer of Palestinians from Jerusalem. Nada also worked as an archival researcher at the Institute for Palestine Studies in Beirut. Maha Abdallah is a legal researcher and human rights advocate. She has authored reports and publications in international human rights, humanitarian, and criminal law and in the areas of economic, social, and cultural rights, and business and human rights. Maha has carried out advocacy before United Nations and European Union institutions. She holds an LLM in international human rights law from the Irish Centre for Human Rights and a BA in political science, specialising in international law, from The American University in Cairo.
© Al-Haq Images Library
Endorsing Organisations .......................................................................... I Table of Abbreviations ............................................................................. IV Acknowledgements ................................................................................... VI Dedication .................................................................................................... VII 1. Overview ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. An Ongoing Advocacy Campaign ................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Zionism and the Roots of Israeli Apartheid ............................................................................... 11 1.3. Establishing Israeli Apartheid ....................................................................................................... 13 1.4. Maintaining Israeli Apartheid ........................................................................................................ 15 1.5. The Need for a Comprehensive Articulation of the Apartheid Framework ........................ 18 1.6. Individual Criminal, State, and Corporate Responsibility for Israeli Apartheid ............... 24 1.7. Dismantling Israeli Apartheid ....................................................................................................... 29 2. Introduction ............................................................................................ 31 2.1. Growing Recognition of Israeli Apartheid .................................................................................. 33 2.2. Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 37 3. Zionist Ideology and the Roots of Israeli Apartheid .................... 39 3.1. Origins of Israeli Apartheid ............................................................................................................ 40 3.2. Zionist Settler Colonialism ............................................................................................................. 41 3.3. Fragmentation and the Limits of International Humanitarian Law ...................................... 52Table of Contents
4. Constructing Apartheid ....................................................................... 57 4.1. The Prohibition of Apartheid ......................................................................................................... 59 4.2. Elements of the Crime against Humanity of Apartheid ........................................................... 67 5. Israel’s Apartheid Legal Regime ........................................................ 77 5.1. The Central Task of Zionist Parastatal Institutions .................................................................. 78 5.2. Nationality, Citizenship, and Residency Rights ........................................................................ 84 5.3. (Denying) Land and Property Rights ........................................................................................... 99 5.4. Fragmenting the Palestinian People ............................................................................................ 111 6. Israel’s Policies to Maintain Apartheid ............................................ 121 6.1 Arbitrary Deprivation of Life ........................................................................................................... 122 6.2 Denying Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: The Example of the Right to Health ...... 135 6.3 Arbitrary Detention and Illegal Imprisonment .......................................................................... 154 6.4 Torture and Other Ill-Treatment .................................................................................................... 158 6.5 Collective Punishment ..................................................................................................................... 160 6.6 Persecution and Silencing of Opposition to Apartheid ............................................................ 163 7. Responsibility and Accountability for Israel’s Apartheid Regime ................................................................................. 167 7.1. Third State Duty to Cooperate ....................................................................................................... 167 7.2. Universal Jurisdiction ....................................................................................................................... 171 7.3. The ICC .................................................................................................................................................. 172 7.4. Corporate Complicity ........................................................................................................................ 173 7.5. The UN Database of Businesses Operating with Israeli Settlements ................................... 175 7.6. UN Anti-Apartheid Mechanisms .................................................................................................... 178 8. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 181
9. Recommendations ................................................................................ 183 9.1. To all States ........................................................................................................................................ 183 9.2. To the High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Conventions ................................................. 188 9.3. On States’ Duty to Ensure Corporate Accountability ............................................................... 190 9.4. To Palestinian Officials ................................................................................... .................................. 191 9.5. To Member States of the Human Rights Council ....................................................................... 192 9.6. To UN Special Procedures ............................................................................................................... 192 9.7. To UN Treaty Bodies ......................................................................................................................... 193 9.8. To the Ongoing UN Commission of Inquiry ................................................................................. 193 9.9. To the CEIRPP and Other UN Bodies ............................................................................................ 194 9.10. To the UN General Assembly ........................................................................................................ 194 9.11. To the ICJ ............................................................................................................................................ 194 9.12. To the UN Security Council ........................................................................................................... 195 9.13. To Parliamentarians ....................................................................................................................... 195 9.14. To Local and Other Sub-national Spheres of Government ................................................. 196 9.15. To the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC ............................................................................... 196 9.16. To Corporate Entities and Financial Institutions ................................................................... 197 9.17. To Civil Society Organisations ..................................................................................................... 198
8 © Al-Haq Images Library
IEndorsing Organisations This report is published by Al-Haq and is endorsed by partner organisations from Palestinian civil society. The endorsing organisations (the ‘Coalition’) are: Al-Haq, Addameer Prisoner Support and Human Rights Association (Addameer), Al Mezan Centre for Human Rights (Al Mezan), the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR), the Civic Coalition for Palestinian Rights in Jerusalem (CCPRJ), the Jerusalem Legal Aid and Human Rights Center (JLAC), Community Action Center—Al-Quds University (CAC), and the Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy—MIFTAH. Al-Haq is an independent Palestinian non-governmental human rights organisation based in Ramallah in the occupied West Bank. Established in 1979 to protect and promote human rights and the rule of law in the occupied Palestinian territory, Al-Haq has documented violations of Palestinians’ individual and collective rights for over 40 years. The organisation seeks to end such violations through advocacy before national and international mechanisms and by holding perpetrators accountable. Addameer (Arabic for conscience) is a Palestinian non-governmental, civil institution that works to support Palestinian political prisoners held in Israeli and Palestinian prisons. Established in 1991 by a group of activists interested in human rights, the organisation offers free legal aid to political prisoners, advocates their rights at the national and international levels, and works to end torture and other violations of prisoners’ rights through monitoring, legal procedures, and solidarity campaigns. Al Mezan is an independent, non-partisan, non-governmental human rights organisation based in the Gaza Strip. Since its establishment in 1999, Al Mezan has been dedicated to protecting and advancing the respect of human rights, especially economic, social, and cultural rights, supporting victims of violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, and enhancing democracy, community, and citizen participation, and respect for the rule of law in the Gaza Strip as part of the occupied Palestinian territory. The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights is an independent Palestinian human rights organisation based in Gaza City. PCHR was established in 1995 by a group of Palestinian lawyers and human rights activists in order to protect human rights and promote the rule of law; create and develop democratic institutions and an active civil society, while promoting democratic culture within Palestinian society; and support all the efforts aimed at enabling the Palestinian people to exercise their inalienable rights to self-determination and independence in accordance with international law.
© Al-Haq Images Library II
IIIThe Civic Coalition for Palestinian Rights in Jerusalem was established in 2005 in order to contribute to effective mobilisation and cooperation of civil society vis-à-vis Israeli policies that undermine Palestinian rights, identity, and presence in the occupied eastern part of Jerusalem. CCPRJ’s members are Palestinian non-governmental organisations and community- based organisations working in the fields of culture, development, urban planning, and human rights, including the rights of children, youth, women, and Palestinian political prisoners and detainees. The Jerusalem Legal Aid and Human Rights Center was established in 1974 by the American Friends Service Committee, formerly known as the Quaker Service Information and Legal Aid Center. In 1995, a local Board of Directors was appointed as a preliminary step toward JLAC’s independence, with JLAC officially becoming a Palestinian non-governmental and non-profit organisation in 1997. JLAC provides pro-bono legal aid, awareness, and advocacy efforts in tackling violations by the Israeli government and the Israeli occupying forces, as represented by the Israeli Civil Administration, as well as by the Palestinian Authority. Community Action Center - Al-Quds University is a semi-autonomous association affiliated with Al-Quds University, which aims to empower the Palestinian community in the eastern part of Jerusalem. The CAC, located in the Old City of Jerusalem as well as in the Al-Abraj Buildings in Abu Dis, is a Palestinian non-profit community rights-based organisation. The CAC aims to empower the disadvantaged Palestinians of East Jerusalem to access their rights and entitlements and negotiate the complex bureaucratic procedures that control the flow of these rights. This mandate translates into empowering local residents to organize to solve collective problems with particular attention to social and economic inequality, and to mobilize their own volunteer capacity. The Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy - MIFTAH was established in 1998 as an independent Palestinian civil society institution committed to fostering the principles of democracy and effective dialogue. MIFTAH’s main work during its beginning was on political concerns especially opening dialogue on ‘final status’ issues, disseminating the Palestinian narrative regionally and internationally, in addition to working on the local and national levels to support building the Palestinian state.
IVTable of Abbreviations CAC Community Action Center—Al-Quds University CATConvention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CCPRJ The Civic Coalition for Palestinian Rights in Jerusalem CEIRPPUnited Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People CERD United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CESCR United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights DBIO Don’t Buy Into Occupation DCI-Palestine Defense for Children International—Palestine DIRCOZA Department of International Relations and Cooperation (South Africa) ESCWA United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EU European Union FFM Fact-Finding Mission HSRC Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa) ICC International Criminal Court ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICERDInternational Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
VICJ International Court of Justice ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ILC International Law Commission JA Jewish Agency (for the ‘Land of Israel’) JLAC Jerusalem Legal Aid and Human Rights Center JNF Jewish National Fund OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OHCHR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics PCHR Palestinian Centre for Human Rights UAWC Union of Agricultural Work Committees UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNRWAUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNSCOP United Nations Special Committee on Palestine UPWC Union of Palestinian Women’s Committees WGAD United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention WHO World Health Organization WZO World Zionist Organization
VI Acknowledgements The authors wish to extend our sincere gratitude to the Al-Haq team and partner civil society organisations who helped develop this report. For reviewing and sharing insightful comments and feedback, we thank in particular Dr Susan Power and Milena Ansari. Thanks also go to Shahd Qaddoura, Hind Shath, Kifah Zuhour, and Manaf Abbas for assisting with the launch of the report and developing related audio-visual materials. We thank Hamza Dado for the design and Shawan Jabarin, General Director of Al-Haq, for supporting the research and publication process. Any errors are those of the authors alone.
VII Dedication We dedicate this report to the Palestinian people across Palestine and in exile struggling for liberation in the face of Israel’s settler colonial apartheid regime, including activists, organisers, human rights defenders, and practitioners who continue to expose, challenge, and resist Zionist settler colonialism and Israeli apartheid in the pursuit of justice, dignity, and liberation.
ISRAELI APARTHEID Tool of Zionist Settler Colonialism AL-HAQVIII © Al-Haq Images Library
Overview AL-HAQ1 1 Overview Much has been written about apartheid and settler colonialism in Palestine in recent years, building on decades of scholarship, activism, and advocacy for Palestinian liberation. For over a century, Palestinians have opposed the ongoing Zionist settler colonial project in Palestine. Since 1948, Palestinians have endured an ongoing Nakba (catastrophe) of forced displacement, refugeehood, and exile; the denial of their right to return to Palestine; and an ongoing process of domination, foreign occupation, annexation, population transfer, and settler colonisation. Throughout historic Palestine, Palestinians have been systematically fragmented, dispossessed of their land and property, and discriminated against in nearly every area of life. Palestinians have been arbitrarily deprived of their life, liberty, human dignity, freedom of movement and residence; their right to family life and family unification; their human rights to adequate housing, health, and their collective right to freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources, denied their means of subsistence and the right to determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development © Anne Paq/Activestills
ISRAELI APARTHEID Tool of Zionist Settler Colonialism AL-HAQ2as integral components of their inalienable right to self-determination.1 Palestinian scholars have long understood that Zionist settler colonialism, premised on the removal and replacement of the indigenous Palestinian people from the land, is an inherently racial project, which Palestinian scholar and diplomat Fayez Sayegh described, as early as 1965, as akin to apartheid.2 Such critiques of Israeli apartheid, notably by Palestinian scholars, have since been rooted in a rejection of Zionism as a form of racism and racial discrimination and as a tool of settler colonial domination.3 Building on these critical contributions, the last two decades have seen tireless activism, organising, and campaigning by Palestinians and allies around the world to challenge Israel’s regime of occupation, colonialism, and apartheid. This ongoing mobilisation, at the grassroots level and in human rights advocacy, have led to mounting recognition by states, civil society, United Nations (UN) bodies and experts, scholars, and practitioners, that Israel has established an apartheid regime over the Palestinian people. Throughout two decades of advocacy in the national and international spheres, Palestinian human rights organisations have also conducted extensive legal research to determine the applicability under international law of the frameworks of apartheid and colonialism to the situation in Palestine.4 1 Articles 1(1), 6(1), 9(1), 12(1), 17(1), and 23(1), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 (hereinafter ‘ICCPR’); Articles 1(1), 11(1), and 12(1), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entry into force 3 January 1976) 993 UNTS 3 (hereinafter ‘ICESCR’). 2 Fayez Sayegh, Zionist Colonialism in Palestine (PLO Research Centre, 1965) 22 and 27
. 3 Noura Erakat, ‘Beyond Discrimination: Apartheid is a Colonial Project and Zionism is a Form of Racism’ (EJIL: Talk!, 5 July 2021) ; Virginia Tilley (ed), Occupation, colonialism, apartheid?: A re-assessment of Israel’s practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under international law (Human Sciences Research Council, 2009) 22 (hereinafter ‘HSRC Study 2009’) . See also Al-Haq, South African study finds that Israel is practicing colonialism and apartheid in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (4 June 2009) .; Soheir Asaad and Rania Muhareb, ‘Dismantle What? Amnesty’s Conflicted Messaging on Israeli Apartheid’ (Institute for Palestine Studies , 15 February 2022) ; see also Rania Muhareb and Pearce Clancy, ‘Palestine and the Meaning of Domination in Settler Colonialism and Apartheid’ (2021) 6(6) República y Derecho . 7 UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese, 21 September 2022, UN Doc A/77/356, paras 9-10, see also para 74.. 10 Human Rights Watch, A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution (27 April 2021) . 11 Amnesty International, Israel’s apartheid against Palestinians: Cruel system of domination and crime against humanity (1 February 2022) . 15 WCAR, NGO Forum Declaration (3 September 2001) 98 . 16 Stop the Wall, About us .; see also , Al-Haq, Palestinian Civil Society Calls on the UNGA to Take Immediate and Effective Action to End Israel’s Apartheid Against Palestinians (21 September 2022) . 19 Russell Tribunal on Palestine, Executive summary of the findings of the third session of the RToP (7 November 2011) . 20 HSRC Study 2009, 277-278; see also Al-Haq, South African study finds that Israel is practicing colonialism and apartheid in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (4 June 2009) .; Noura Erakat and Rania Madi, ‘UN Committee Concludes Israeli System Tantamount to Apartheid in 2012 Session’ (2012) al-Majdal 49, 9-10, ; Al-Haq et al , Joint Parallel Report to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on Israel’s Seventeenth to Nineteenth Periodic Reports (10 November 2019) (hereinafter ‘CERD Report’). 22 UN CERD, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Israel, CERD/C/ISR/CO/13, 14 June 2007, paras 22-23, 33-35; UN CERD, Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Israel CERD/C/ISR/CO/14–16, 3 April 2012, paras 10 (recalling CERD/C/ISR/CO/13), 11, 15, 24-27; UN CERD, Concluding observations on the combined seventeenth to nineteenth reports of Israel, 12 December 2019, UN Doc CERD/C/ISR/ CO/17-19, paras 21-24 and 44. 23 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (adopted 7 March 1966, entry into force 4 January 1969) 660 UNTS 195 (hereinafter ‘ICERD’). 24 UNTC, ‘International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination’ . 25 Article 3, ICERD. 26 Al-Haq, Al-Haq and Partners Send Joint Submission to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Ahead of Israel’s Review (6 September 2019) .. 29 References to ‘inside the Green Line’ or ‘within the Green Line’ are used throughout this report to identify the remaining territory of historic Palestine, outside that of the occupied Palestinian territory. 30 UN CERD, Concluding observations on the combined seventeenth to nineteenth reports of Israel, 12 December 2019, UN Doc CERD/C/ISR/CO/17-19, para 23.. 32 UN OHCHR, Human Rights Council Establishes International Commission of Inquiry to Investigate Violations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in Israel (27 May 2021) ; Al-Haq, Palestinian Civil Society Organisations Call for a Special Session on the Escalating Israeli Attacks against Palestinians on Both Sides of the Green Line (22 May 2021) . 33 International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (adopted 30 November 1973, entry into force 18 July 1976) 1015 UNTS 243 (hereinafter ‘Apartheid Convention’). 34 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, 9 May 2022, UN Doc A/ HRC/50/21, para 72; see also Rania Muhareb, ‘Addressing the ‘Full Context’: The First Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Root Causes in Palestine’ (Irish Centre for Human Rights Blog , 14 June 2022) .. 62 Shany Payes, ‘Palestinian NGOs in Israel: A Campaign for Civic Equality in a Non-Civic State’ (2003) 8(1) Israel Studies 60-90; Shany Payes, Palestinian NGOs in Israel: The Politics of Civil Society (I.B. Taurus, 2005), ; Arik Rudnitzky, Arab Citizens of Israel Early in the Twenty-First Century (Institute for National Security Studies, 2015). 63 UN Committee on the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, Outraged over Israel’s Designation of Six Civil Society Groups as Terrorists, Speakers Tell Palestinian Rights Committee Harassment against Human Rights Defenders Must End (7 December 2021) ; Al-Marsad, Arab Human Rights Centre in Golan Heights, Al-Haq, Palestinian Human Rights Organizations Council, ESCR-Net, International Network for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Cornell Law School International Human Rights Clinic and Boston University Law School International Human Rights Clinic, Report on the Repression of Human Rights Defenders in Israel the Occupied Territories of Palestine and the Golan (January 2022) . . 68 Benjamin Beit Hallahmi, The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why (I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 1988) 39. 69 James Adams, Israel and South Africa: The Unnatural Alliance (Quartet Books, 1984).. 77 See Ernest Beaglehole, Juan Comas, Luiz de Aguilar Costa Pinto, Franklin Frazier, Morris Ginsberg, Humayun Kabir, Claude Lévi Strauss and Ashley Montagu, The Race Question (UNESCO: 1950 and revised versions in 1951 and 1967); UNESCO, Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice (1978) and Declaration of Principles on Tolerance (1995).. 82 UN General Assembly, Resolution 3376, UN Doc A/RES/3376 (XXX), 10 November 1975, para 3... 89 ICC Office of the Prosecutor, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (4 December 2017) para 63: ’in addition to allegations directly related to settlement activities, the Office has also received information regarding the purported establishment of an institutionalised regime of systematic discrimination that allegedly deprives Palestinians of a number of their fundamental human rights’ ..; see also, UN Human Rights Council, Database of all business enterprises involved in the activities detailed in paragraph 96 of the report of the independent international fact-finding mission to investigate the implications of the Israeli settlements on the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, UN Doc A/HRC/43/71, 28 February 2020, para 31. 101 See, for example, UN Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, Statement on the implications of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in the context of Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 6 June 2014, pp 9-11 . 102 Al-Haq, Al-Haq Submits Legal Position Paper to European Union on the Membership of Mr Haim Bibas, Mayor of Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut, in the Euro-Mediterranean Regional and Local Assembly (ARLEM) (2 March 2020) .. 109 HSRC Study. © Activestills. 113 Sayegh, Zionist Colonialism in Palestine; see also the discussion in Patrick Wolfe, Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race (Verso Books 2016) 203 et seq.. 116 B’Tselem, A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is Apartheid (12 January 2021) . 117 Lana Tatour, ‘Why calling Israel an apartheid state is not enough’ (Middle East Eye, 18 January 2021) .. 119 Amnesty International, Israel’s apartheid against Palestinians: Cruel System of domination and crime against humanity (1 February 2022) 266 . 123 BDS Movement, Palestinian Civil Society Call for BDS . 124 BDS Movement, United Against Apartheid, Colonialism and Occupation: Dignity & Justice for the Palestinian People (October 2008) .... 142 Patrick Wolfe, Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology: The Politics and Poetics of an Ethnographic Event (Cassell, 1999) 1 (emphasis in the original). 143 Lorenzo Veracini, ‘Introduction: Settler colonialism as a distinct mode of domination’ in Edward Cavanagh and Lorenzo Veracini (eds) The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism (Routledge, 2017) 1, 4; see also Muhareb and Clancy, ‘Palestine and the Meaning of Domination.’ 144 Patrick Wolfe, ‘Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native’ (2006) 8(4) Journal of Genocide Research 387, 387-388. 145 Fiona Bateman and Lionel Pilkington (eds), Studies in Settler Colonialism: Politics, Identity and Culture (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) 2.. 150 Sayegh, Zionist Colonialism in Palestine, 11-19. 151 The Balfour Declaration (2 November 1917) .; see also Muhareb and Clancy, ‘Palestine and the Meaning of Domination’ 13 .. 164 See BADIL, ‘From the 1948 Nakba to the 1967 Naksa’ (BADIL Occasional Bulletin No 18, June 2004) ; see also Rania Muhareb, ‘The Nakba 70 Years On: Israel’s Failure to Erase Palestinian Collective Memory’ (Al-Haq , 15 May 2018) .: ‘The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg determined that violations of the Hague Regulations amounted to war crimes because these treaty rules had crystallized into customary law by the time of the Second World War.’ 166 Article 23(g), Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (adopted 18 October 1907, entry into force 26 January 1910) (hereinafter ‘Hague Regulations’). 167 Article 47, Hague Regulations. 168 Article 6(c), Charter of the International Military Tribunal , annex to the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis (adopted 8 August 1945 at London) (hereinafter ‘IMT Charter’). 169 Francesca Albanese and Lex Takkenberg, Palestinian Refugees in International Law (OUP 2020) 135- 136; Article 6(b), IMT Charter.. 172 Schechla, ‘Ideological Roots of Population Transfer’ (1993) 14(2) Third World Quarterly 239. 173 Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (adopted 12 August 1949, entry into force 21 October 1950) 75 UNTS 287 (hereinafter ‘Fourth Geneva Convention’)... See also Amnesty International, Israel’s apartheid against Palestinians: Cruel system of domination and crime against humanity 105-108 (1 February 2022) ; see also HSRC Study (to which Palestinian human rights organisations Al-Haq and Adalah contributed); see Al-Haq, South African study finds that Israel is practicing colonialism and apartheid in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (4 June 2009) .. 214 UN Security Council, Resolution 392, 19 June 1976, UN Doc S/RES/392 (1976), para 3. 215 Article 7(1)(j), Rome Statute.; SA News, ‘National Assembly approves four Bills’ (8 September 2022) . 241 Adriaan Barnard, ‘Slegs Suid Afrikaners,’ 358. 242 On the evolution of the crime of apartheid see ibid. ; Du Plessis, ‘International Criminal Law: The Crime of Apartheid’; Alexander Zahar, ‘Apartheid as an International Crime’ in Antonio Cassese (ed), The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice (Oxford University Press 2009); Ronald C Slye, ‘Apartheid as a Crime against Humanity: A Submission to the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission’ (1998) 20 Michigan Journal of International Law 267. 243 CERD, General Recommendation 19, The prevention, prohibition and eradication of racial segregation and apartheid (1995), UN Doc A/50/18, at 140, para 1.. 248 Jackson, ‘The Definition of Apartheid,’ 854-844. 249 ICC’s Office of The Prosecutor, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities, 4 December 2017, para 63 . 250 See discussion in Noura Erakat and John Reynolds, ‘We Charge Apartheid? Palestine and the International Criminal Court’ (TWAIL Review, 20 April 2021) ; see also The Palestinian Disability Coalition et al , Joint Parallel Report to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities for its List of Issues on Israel’s Initial Report (24 July 2020) ; Al-Haq, Al-Haq Sends Urgent Appeal to UN Special Procedures on the Extrajudicial Execution and Wilful Killing of Palestinian Person with Disability Iyad Al-Hallaq (9 June 2020) ; Al-Haq, Al-Haq Refutes Israeli Army and Media Claims on the Killing of Volunteer First Responder Sajed Mizher in Dheisheh Refugee Camp (8 April 2019) ; Adalah, Israeli police video reveals cops opened fire on Bedouin man before his car accelerated, contradicting police claims (19 January 2017) ; Adalah, The October 2000 Killings (11 August 2020) . 264 See, for example, Al-Haq, Palestinian Human Rights Organisations Submit Evidence to the ICC Prosecutor on Crimes Committed in West Bank (20 September 2017) ; Simon Reynolds, Coercive Environments: Israel’s Forcible Transfer of Palestinians in the Occupied Territory (BADIL, February 2017) . 265 See, for example, PHROC et al, Joint Urgent Appeal to the United Nations Special Procedures on the Imminent Threat of Forcible Transfer/Deportation of Salah Hammouri for “Breach of Allegiance” (30 September 2020) ; Addameer, Observations on Behalf of Victims (16 March 2020, ICC-01/18) ; Al-Haq et al, Omar Barghouti at Imminent Risk of Deportation as Israeli Interior Minister Initiates Proceedings to Punitively Revoke his Residency Status (4 November 2019) ; Addameer and BADIL, Deportation as Policy: Palestinian Prisoners & Detainees in Israeli Detention (17 April 2016) ; Al-Haq, Six Human Rights Organisations Submit an Urgent Appeal to UN Special Procedures on Israel’s Imminent Deportation of Palestinian Jerusalemite (26 April 2019) .; Adalah, Adalah demands Israeli police end mass arrests of Palestinian citizens (27 May 2021) ; Al-Haq, Israeli Occupying Forces Violate the Right to Life of Mr Omar As’ad, an 80-year-old Man from Jaljiliyya (18 January 2022) . 267 See, notably, Addameer, Addameer Collects Hard Evidence on Torture and Ill-Treatment Committed against Palestinian Detainees at Israeli Interrogation Centers (23 December 2019) ; Adalah, What happened in the ‘torture room’ at Israel’s police station in Nazareth? (7 June 2021) ; Al Mezan, The Torture and Abuse of Children Fleeing Gaza’s Humanitarian Catastrophe (26 October 2020) . 268 See Al Mezan et al , Palestinian Human Rights Organizations & Victims’ Communication to the ICC on the Illegal Closure of the Gaza Strip: Persecution and Other Inhumane Acts Perpetrated against the Civilian Population as Crimes against Humanity (23 November 2016) . 269 See, notably, Al-Haq, Al-Haq Sends Urgent Appeal to UN Special Procedures on the Enforced Disappearance of Saleh Omar Barghouthi (27 December 2018) ; Al-Haq, United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances Sends Response to Al-Haq on the Case of Saleh Barghouthi (31 December 2018) . 270 See, e.g., Al-Haq, Israel Deliberately Injures and Maims Palestinian Civilians, Prevents Evacuation of Wounded, and Denies Access to Vital Healthcare Facilities Outside the Gaza Strip (18 April 2018) ; Nidal Alazza (ed), Excessive Use of Force by the Israeli Army: Case Study (BADIL, April 2017) ; Al Mezan et al, Palestinian Human Rights Organizations & Victims’ Communication to the ICC on the Illegal Closure of the Gaza Strip: Persecution and Other Inhumane Acts Perpetrated against the Civilian Population as Crimes against Humanity (23 November 2016) . 271 Muhareb, ‘Apartheid, the Green Line, and the Need to Overcome Palestinian Fragmentation.’. ; William Frankel, Israel Observed: An Anatomy of the State (Thames and Hudson, 1980) 183-86. 309 Zeev Sternhell, Founding Myths of Zionism: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State (trs. David Maisel, Princeton University Press, 1998) 180. 311 Amy Teibel, ‘Lawsuit brings murky West Bank land deals to light’ (Associated Press , 20 June 2009) ; in 2014, the Settlement Division received 130m NIS (US$34.7m) from Israel, see Nimrod Bousso, ‘Israel to Allocate $35m to World Zionist Organization’s Settlement Division’ (Haaretz, 23 October 2014) . 312 UN General Assembly, Resolution 60/147, UN Doc A/RES/60/147, 21 March 2006, para 18.. 314 Ibid ., 16. 315 UNRWA, ‘UNRWA in Figures 2020-2021’ (6 September 2021) . 316 Baptiste Sellier, ‘L’usage du droit foncier par l’État d’Israël comme arme d’appropriation de l’espace Palestinien : Quelle comparaison avec l’ Algérie Coloniale ?’ 1 . 317 Uri Davis, Israel: An Apartheid State (Zed Books, 1987) 26-38.. 320 Letter of United States Assistant Secretary of State Phillip Talbot to the American Council for Judaism’s Executive Vice-President Rabbi Elmer Berger, 20 April 1964, reprinted in W. Thomas Mallison, Jr., ‘The Zionist-Israel juridical claims to constitute the `Jewish people’ entity and to confer membership in it: appraisal in public international law’ (1964) 32(5) The George Washington Law 983, 1075. 321 Citizenship Law (5712-1952)... 327 See Adalah, Israel’s Nation State Law ... 332 Haneen Naamnih, ‘New Anti-Arab Legislation’ (2008) 50 Adalah’s Newsletter 1 . 333 BADIL, Forced Population Transfer, No. 16 , 25-26.. 335 BADIL, Forced Population Transfer, No. 16, 24. 336 Ibid . 337 Al-Haq, Punitive Residency Revocation: the Most Recent Tool of Forcible Transfer (17 March 2018) . 338 Al-Haq, Urgent Appeal: Israel Must Suspend and Repeal Recent Legislation Allowing for the Revocation of Permanent Residency Status from Palestinians in Jerusalem for ‘Breach of Allegiance’ (8 March 2018) .. 341 The Times of Israel, ‘Israel approves residency for 4,000 Palestinians, after 10-year freeze’ (19 October 2021) . 343 ACRI, East Jerusalem – Facts and Figures, 2021 (10 May 2021) . 344 Article 1, ICCPR and ICESCR. 345 BADIL, Forced Population Transfer: The Case of Palestine – Discriminatory Zoning and Planning Working Paper No. 17 (December 2014), 38 .. 348 Jaclynn Ashly, ‘Palestinians in Kufr Aqab: “We live here just to wait”’ (Al Jazeera , 7 January 2018) . 349 See generally, UNCTAD, The Palestinian economy in East Jerusalem: Enduring annexation, isolation and disintegration (2013) . 350 B’Tselem, The Separation Barrier (11 November 2017) .. 352 Al-Haq, Atarot Settlement: The Industrial Key in Israel’s Plant to Permanently Erase Palestine (2020) . 353 Al-Haq, ‘Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan: Ongoing Nakba and Israeli Dispossession of Palestinians’ (27 May 2021) . 354 Antoine Frère, House Demolitions and Forced Evictions in Silwan: Israel’s Transfer of Palestinians from Jerusalem (Al-Haq, 2020) . 355 Marya Farah, Occupying Jerusalem’s Old City , 57. 356 Al-Haq, Engineering Community: Family Unification, Entry Restrictions and other Israeli Policies of Fragmenting Palestinians (13 February 2019) 6-7 .. 360 Haaretz, ‘Israel Can’t Keep Denying Palestinian Family Unification, Top Court Says’ (11 January 2022) .; official Israeli papers specifically relate to the ‘demographic balance’ in Jerusalem (see for instance: Jerusalem Local Outline Plan 2000, Report No. 4 – The Suggested Plan and the Planning Policy, August 2004, p 202). 362 HaMoked, Ministry of Interior data reveals: some 12,700 Palestinians live in East Jerusalem and Israel by virtue of family unification processes; of them, some 70% are without social security rights or status in Israel (23 November 2020) . 363 See UN OCHA, Concern about collective punishment: new measures targeting the residency rights of East Jerusalem Palestinians (13 April 2017) ; HaMoked, Minister of Interior announced yesterday he had revoked the status of relatives of the Armon HaNatziv attacker: ‘Only immediate and practical acts will deter assailants. I am convinced that the revocation of family members’ status will serve as a warning for others’ (26 January 2017) . 364 Nir Hasson, ‘Israel Seeks to Block All East Jerusalem Family Reunification Hearings Over ‘Workload’’ (Haaretz, 1 May 2019) . 365 CERD, Concluding observations on the combined seventeenth to nineteenth reports of Israel, 12 December 2019, UN Doc CERD/C/ISR/CO/17-19, paras 24-25. 366 Haaretz, ‘In Blow to Bennett, Knesset Votes Down Extending Citizenship Law’ (5 July 2021) .. 369 BADIL, Forced Population Transfer, No. 16 , 39. 370 Ibid ., 40. 371 Ibid , 40-41. 372 Ibid ., 40. 373 Ibid ., 41.. 377 Nakhleh, ‘The Two Galilees.’ 378 Articles 43 and 47, Hague Regulations. 379 Baptiste Sellier, ‘L’usage du droit foncier par l’État d’Israël comme arme d’appropriation de l’espace Palestinien : Quelle comparaison avec l’ Algérie Coloniale ? ’ 1 (authors’ translation from French) .. 381 UN, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998), Principle 6(2)(a). 382 Article 1(2), ICCPR and ICESCR. 383 Figure cited in UNWRA, Palestine Refugees ; see estimation of 770-780,000 expelled, in Janet L Abu Lughod, ‘The demographic transformation of Palestine’ in Ibrahim Abu Lughod (ed), The Transformation of Palestine, 1948–1967 (Northwestern University Press, 1971) 161. 384 Adam Raz, Looting of Arab Property in the War of Independence (Carmel Publishing House, 2020) Avi-ram Tzoreff, ‘Carpets, books, and jewelry: Why looting was central to the Nakba’ (+972 magazine, 24 March 2022) . 386 Baptiste Sellier, ‘L’usage du droit foncier par l’État d’Israël comme arme d’appropriation de l’espace Palestinien : Quelle comparaison avec l’ Algérie Coloniale ? ’ 3 . 387 BADIL, Land Confiscation and Denial of Use – Working Paper No. 21 (October 2017) 9-10 . 388 Ibid ., 10-11. 389 Absentee Property Law (5710-1950) . 390 Norwegian Refugee Council, Legal Memo: The Absentee Property Law and its Application to East Jerusalem (February 2017) 1 ... 399 Land (Acquisition for Public Purposes) Ordinance – Amendment No. 10 (2010) . 400 Human Rights Watch, Israel: Discriminatory Land Policies Hem in Palestinians (12 May 2020) . 401 Basic Law: Israel Lands (1960) . 402 Israel Lands Administration Law (1960) . 403 See CERD Report, paras 42-46.; Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz, ‘Arab Squatters Evicted From Jerusalem House Owned by Jews for 140 Years’ (Breaking Israel News, 5 September 2017) .. 410 Baptiste Sellier, ‘L’usage du droit foncier par l’État d’Israël comme arme d’appropriation de l’espace Palestinien : Quelle comparaison avec l’ Algérie Coloniale ?’ 6 . 411 Articles 5(d)(i) and 5(e)(iii), ICERD; Article 1(2), ICESCR and ICCPR.. 413 BADIL, Forced Population Transfer, No. 17 , 15. 414 BADIL, Israel’s Land Laws as a Legal-Political Tool (December 2004) 4 . 415 Israel Land Authority, Israel Land Authority Projects . 416 BADIL, Forced Population Transfer, No. 17 , 19. 417 Ibid . 418 Middle East Monitor, ‘Israel demolishes Palestinian village of Al-Araqeeb for 209th time’ (14 November 2022) . 420 Alon Rothschild, From “Improving Landscape” to Conserving Landscape: The need to stop Afforestation in Sensitive Natural Ecosystems in Israel and Conserve Israel’s Natural Landscapes (trs., Esther Lachman, Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, May 2019) 24. 421 Adalah, Israeli police violently dispersed demonstrations by Palestinian Bedouins and human rights activists over the Jewish National Fund’s afforestation work in the Naqab (16 January 2022) . 422 Yumna Patel, ‘What’s happening in the Naqab? Israel uproots Palestinians to plant trees’ (Mondoweiss, 14 January 2022) . 434 Times of Israel, ‘Israel’s Gaza sea barrier nears completion’ (1 January 2019) ; PCBS, ‘Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Presents the Conditions of Palestinian Populations on the Occasion of the International Population Day,’ (11 July 2022) . 437 ESCWA Report, 37. 438 Ibid ., 37-38. 439 IMEU, ‘Fact Sheet: Palestinian Citizens of Israel’ (17 March 2021) . 440 Ibid ., 4.. 442 PCBS, ‘Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Presents the Conditions of Palestinian Populations on the Occasion of the International Population Day,’ (11 July 2022) . UNRWA, ‘UNRWA in Figures 2020-2021’ (6 September 2021) . 443 Article 43, Hague Regulations; Article 64, Fourth Geneva Convention. 444 The Association for Civil Rights in Israel, One Rule, Two Legal Systems: Israel’s Regime of Laws in the West Bank (October 2014) 7 . 445 ESCWA Report, 37-38 and 47-48. 446 UNRWA, ‘UNRWA in Figures 2020-2021’ (6 September 2021) .. 460 Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, John Dugard, 29 January 2007, UN Doc A/HRC/4/17, para 48. 461 This is also the analysis adopted by Falk and Tilley in the ESCWA Report.. 463 Ibid ., 21 464 Ibid ., 23.. 466 UNOCHA OPT, The Humanitarian Impact of the Closure (July 2015) . 467 See, for example, ICRC, News Release 14-06-2010 Geneva/Jerusalem (ICRC) – The hardship faced by Gaza’s 1.5 million people cannot be addressed by providing humanitarian aid. The only sustainable solution is to lift the closure: . 468 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, 15 July 2020, (A/HRC/44/60), para 60 . 469 According to Al Mezan’s monitoring and documentation, since 2012 the Israeli military has entered the Gaza Strip 403 times.. 471 Gisha, List of dual use items: ; see also Ynet News, ‘Israel will help Palestinians leave Gaza, if they have new country to go to’ (20 August 2019) . 473 UN Country Team in the occupied Palestinian territory, Gaza Ten Years Later (July 2017) .. 475 Al Mezan, The Gaza Bantustan, 32-42.; see also Huthifa Fayyad, ‘West Bank: October was deadliest month in ‘deadliest year’ for Palestinians’ (Middle East Eye, 1 November 2022) .. 482 See, for example, Al-Haq, Impunity for Extrajudicial Killing: Israeli Soldier and Killer of Abdel Fattah Al-Sharif Released after Mere 9 Months in Prison (11 May 2018) . 483 See, for example, Al Jazeera, ‘The Nakba did not start or end in 1948’ (23 May 2017) . 484 Pappé, The ethnic cleansing of Palestine, 258; see also BADIL, ‘Massacres and the Nakba’ (2000) 7 al-Majdal . 485 BADIL, ‘Massacres and the Nakba’ (Autumn 2000) 7 al-Majdal. 486 Ibid .. 488 Ibid . 489 Adel Manna, ‘The Massacre of Kufr Qassem’ in Nadim N Rouhana and Areej Sabbagh-Khoury (eds), The Palestinians in Israel: Readings in History, Politics and Society (Mada al-Carmel, 2011) 74, 75; see also Ofer Aderet, ‘60 Years After Massacre, Kafr Qasem Doesn’t Want an Apology from the Israeli Government’ (Haaretz, 28 October 2016) . 490 Pappé, The ethnic cleansing of Palestine, 258. 491 Nir Gazit and Robert J Brym, ‘State-directed political assassination in Israel: a political hypothesis’ (2011) 26(6) International Sociology 862, 872. 492 Thomas Ward, ‘Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination’ (2000) 25 International Security 105, 114; see also Patty Nieberg and Fares Akram, ‘A look at Israel’s targeted killings of militant leaders’ (AP News, 12 November 2019) ; see also Al-Haq, Al-Haq condemns practice of “targeted killings” in Gaza, calls for an immediate investigation into deaths of Gazan civilians, including children (16 November 2019) . 493 Al-Haq, Wilful Killing: The Assassination of Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories by the Israeli Security Forces (Al-Haq Briefing Paper, 2001) 21 ; Steven R David, ‘Fatal choices: Israel’s policy of targeted killing’ Mideast Security and Policy Studies No 51 (Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2002) 1, 3-4; see also Leila Shahid, ‘The Sabra and Shatila Massacres: Eye-Witness Reports’ (2002) 32(1) Journal of Palestine Studies 36.. 502 Nir Gazit and Robert J Brym, ‘State-directed political assassination in Israel: a political hypothesis’ (2011) 26(6) International Sociology 862, 862-863; see also Al-Haq, Wilful Killing, 6. 503 Nizar Ayoub, The Israeli High Court of Justice and the Palestinian Intifada: a stamp of approval for Israeli violations in the Occupied Territories (Al-Haq, 2004) 46 . 504 Al-Haq, Wilful Killing , 6. 505 Adalah, The October 2000 Killings (11 August 2020) . 506 Ibid .. 508 Ibid ., 9. 509 PCHR, 2nd Anniversary of the Great March of Return: Impunity Continues to Prevail (30 March 2020) . 512 Ali Abunimah, ‘Snipers ordered to shoot children, Israeli general confirms’ (The Electronic Intifada, 22 April 2018) . 513 UN OHCHR, No Justification for Israel to Shoot Protesters with Live Ammunition (28 February 2019) . 514 Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,18 March 2019, UN Doc A/HRC/40/ CRP .2, para 793, p 226. 515 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, UN Doc A/HRC/50/21, 9 May 2022, p 1.. 517 Ibid ., 3. 518 Ibid . 519 Ibid., 15.; see also Human Rights Council, Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, 25 September 2009, UN Doc A/HRC/12/48, para 1938. 520 Al-Haq, Questions & Answers: Al-Haq’s Legal Analysis on the Escalation of Attacks in the Gaza Strip between 8 and 21 November 2012 (27 November 2012) 2 . 521 Al-Haq, Voices from Gaza: enduring devastation (17 December 2012) .. 523 Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the independent commission of inquiry established pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-21/1, 24 June 2015, UN Doc A/HRC/29/ CRP .4, para 574. 524 See Daniel Estrin, ‘22 Members of One Family Killed in Gaza’ (NPR , 23 May 2021) . 525 Al-Haq, Al Mezan, and PCHR, Assault on Gaza in Numbers: A Statistical Report of Civilian Casualties and Damage to Private and Public Properties by Israeli Occupation Forces During Israel’s Full-scale Military Operation on the Gaza Strip Between 10–21 May 2021 (January 2022) 13-14 . 526 Ibid . 527 Amnesty International, ‘They Were Just Kids’: Evidence of War Crimes During Israel’s August 2022 Gaza Offensive (Research Briefing, 25 October 2022) 3 . 530 See, e.g., the analysis contained in Al-Haq, ‘83 Organisations Send Urgent Appeal to UN Special Procedures on the Wilful Killing of Ahmad Erekat, Urging International Justice and Accountability for Israel’s Shoot-to-Kill Policy’ (14 July 2020) . 531 UN General Assembly, Implementation of Human Rights Council resolutions S-9/1 and S-12/1, Report of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 25 January 2017, UN Doc A/HRC/34/36, para 11 (emphasis added); see also Al-Haq, ‘83 Organisations Send Urgent Appeal to UN Special Procedures on the Wilful Killing of Ahmad Erekat, Urging International Justice and Accountability for Israel’s Shoot-to-Kill Policy’ (14 July 2020) 6 . 532 See, notably, Valentina Azarov, Institutionalised Impunity: Israel’s Failure to Combat Settler Violence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Al-Haq, 2013) .. 535 See, for example, Al-Haq, Israeli Settlers Attack and Destroy Palestinian Olive Trees (10 October 2013) ; Al-Haq, The Olive Harvest Season Disrupted by Settler Violence and Israeli Restrictions Imposed on Palestinian Farmers (7 November 2014) ; B’Tselem, West Bank olive harvest, 2021: Settlers attack farmers, steal olives and damage trees with full state backing (25 January 2022) . 536 Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,18 March 2019, UN Doc A/HRC/40/ CRP .2. 537 Adalah, Adalah: Israel’s perception of Palestinian citizens as ‘enemy’ continues to grant blanket impunity to police for killings (1 October 2020) . 538 Ibid .. 541 Al-Haq, Legal Brief on the Extrajudicial Killing of Shireen Abu Aqleh (3 November 2022) para 16 . 542 Article 7(1), Rome Statute. 543 Articles 6(1) and 21, ICCPR.. 547 Ibid . 548 Odeh, ‘How crime became a cover’; see also Baladna and Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, UK, Nine Years of Bloodshed ; Suha Arraf, ‘How organized crime took over Israel’s Palestinian communities’ (+972 Magazine , 20 January 2020) . 554 Odeh, ‘How crime became a cover.’ 555 Sudilovsky, ‘No one cares.’ 556 UN Human Rights Committee, General comment No. 36 (2018) on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life, UN Doc CCPR/C/GC/36, 30 October 2018, para 6... 576 See Al-Haq, COVID-19 and the Right to Health of Palestinians under Israeli Occupation, Colonisation, and Apartheid (8 December 2020) ; see also Ramzy Baroud, ‘Covid-19 under Apartheid: How Israel manipulates suffering of Palestinians’ (Middle East Monitor, 12 January 2021) ; see also OHCHR, COVID-19: Israel has ‘legal duty’ to ensure that Palestinians in OPT receive essential health services – UN expert (19 March 2020) . 578 Osama Tanous wrote at the time, for example, ‘The following maps taken from the website of the Israeli Ministry of Health show confirmed cases of COVID-19. Palestinian towns are almost completely absent from these maps with zero confirmed cases’; see Osama Tanous, ‘A New Episode of Erasure in the Settler Colony.’ 579 Al-Haq, JLAC, and MAP UK, COVID-19 and the Systematic Neglect of Palestinians in East Jerusalem (14 July 2020) 7-8 . 580 Ibid., 6; see also Daoud Kuttab, ‘Jerusalem alliance fills gap in coronavirus awareness’ (Al-Monitor, 18 March 2020) . 581 Al-Haq, COVID-19 and the Right to Health, 4-5; see also Rania Muhareb and Rita Giacaman, ‘Tracking COVID-19 responsibly’ (The Lancet, 27 March 2020) ; Ali Abunimah, ‘Johns Hopkins COVID-19 map faulted for erasing Palestinians’ (The Electronic Intifada, 27 March 2020) . 582 Nihaya Daoud, ‘The Reluctance to Test Israeli Arabs for COVID-19 Is a Ticking Time-bomb’ (31 March 2020) .. 584 Al-Haq Israeli Apartheid Undermines Palestinian Right to Health Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic (7 April 2020) ; Al-Haq, JLAC, and MAP UK, COVID-19 and the Systematic Neglect , 7. 585 Al-Haq, JLAC, and MAP UK, COVID-19 and the Systematic Neglect , 6-7. 586 Al-Haq et al , Joint Open Letter – Protection of Palestinian Workers During and After COVID-19 (5 May 2020) 2 ; see also Al-Haq, Civil Society Groups Send Appeal to UN Special Procedures on the Rights and Dignity of Palestinian Workers in Israel during COVID-19 (15 April 2020) . 587 Al-Haq, Civil Society Groups Send Appeal to UN Special Procedures on the Rights and Dignity of Palestinian Workers in Israel during COVID-19 (15 April 2020) 3 ; see also Suha Arraf, ‘The moment a worker is sick, they throw him to the checkpoint like a dog’ (+972 Magazine , 24 March 2020) ; see also Al-Haq, Civil Society Groups Send Appeal to UN Special Procedures on the Rights and Dignity of Palestinian Workers in Israel during COVID-19 (15 April 2020) .. 590 UN OHCHR, Urgent action needed to prevent COVID-19 “rampaging through places of detention” – Bachelet (25 March 2020) . 591 UN OHCHR, Human rights experts call for immediate release of political prisoners and detainees in Yemen given risk of spread of COVID-19 (30 March 2020) . 592 See, for example, OHCHR, Citing COVID risk, Bachelet calls on Iran to release jailed human rights defenders (6 October 2020) . 593 The Jerusalem Post, ‘Israel releases 230 prisoners early to reduce crowding amid COVID-19 fears’ (29 March 2020) . 594 Al-Haq and Addameer, Joint Urgent Appeal to the United Nations Special Procedures: Urgent Intervention Needed to Protect Palestinian Prisoners and Detainees in Israeli Prisons Amidst Concerns over COVID-19 Exposure (1 April 2020) 3 . 595 Ibid ., 3.. 597 Al-Haq, Israel’s Gross Violations of Human Rights in the Face of COVID-19 (Reporting Period 8 - 29 March 2020) (3 April 2020) . 598 Adalah, Israeli Supreme Court rules: Palestinian prisoners have no right to social distancing protection against COVID-19 (23 July 2020) . 599 See, for example, Democracy Now, ‘“Medical Apartheid”: Israeli Vaccine Drive Excludes Millions of Palestinians in Occupied Territories’ (5 January 2021) ; see also Amnesty International, Denying COVID-19 vaccines to Palestinians exposes Israel’s institutionalized discrimination (6 January 2021) . 600 Times of Israel, ‘Israel hits 2 million vaccinated with 1st dose; police to up closure enforcement’ (14 January 2021) ; Mustafa Barghouthi, ‘Israel’s Vaccination Drive Is Going Great. But We’re Being Sidelined’ (The New York Times, 12 January 2021) ; Oliver Holmes and Hazem Balousha, ‘Palestinians excluded from Israeli Covid vaccine rollout as jabs go to settlers’ (The Guardian , 3 January 2021) .. 603 Oliver Holmes, ‘Israel blocked Covid vaccines from entering Gaza, say Palestinians’ (The Guardian , 16 February 2021) . 604 International Commission of Jurists, Under Occupation: Unprotected and Unvaccinated Israel’s Denial of Equitable Access to COVID19 Vaccines in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (October 2021) 20 . 605 WHO, COVID-19 vaccination in the occupied Palestinian territory (26 October 2022) . 606 WHO, WHO Health Emergency Dashboard (18 November 2022) 
