The movements
Agrarian in the European Union
(UE)
(II)
Intensive and extensive agriculture,
capitalist estates and semi -feudal estates. Commercial agriculture and
subsistence and mixsta agriculture of small agrarian producers
.
Is important to have
A clear idea of what these concepts mean to differentiate character
capitalist or semi -feudal of agriculture in the EU, both in the 14,
especially southern Italy and Spain, as to these countries, with the 13
East of Europe. Thus, we can differentiate large agricultural companies
capitalists of the big agro -export companies of agriculture
semi -feudal.
About
The terms used by bourgeois institutions and academics, we have to
take into account these details
:
-
The expression
"Based on family work" does not make any political-economic sense
,
and indirectly induced. It is completely meaningless, then
Whatever the social system of economy, the small farmer "works",
whether he lives in the era of slavery, and in that of feudalism or
capitalism. which serves to cover up the confusion of social forms of
organization of the economy totally different; A confusion that only
It benefits the bourgeoisie.
-
The expression "based on family work"
induces error, cheats people, because it suggests that there is no job
salaried.
-
The conclusion more
essential and fundamental to understand the process of development of capitalism
In agriculture in general, it is therefore the intensification of agriculture and,
parallel.
- The decrease in the average surface by farm
(Farm), is not an accidental, local or episodic fact, but a common phenomenon
All civilized countries.
- The infinity of mistakes that all economists make
bourgeois without exception with respect to data on the evolution of the
Agriculture is explained because this general phenomenon is not sufficiently
known, understood, assimilated and thought. ”
-
The growing job of salaried work is a
general process that exceeds all peculiarities in capitalist countries
developed (imperialists). But in the vast majority of them, statistics
Agrícola is subordinated, intentionally or not, to conceptions and prejudices
dominant bourgeois, and
does not provide any systematic information
About salaried work.
- North America's example shows us how reckless
It would be to confuse estates with large -scale capitalist agriculture,
And how often the landowner is a survival of relationships
Precapitalists: slaves, feudal or patriarchal.
- It is not the total area, but only the amount of land
cultivated what indicates, with some approximation and with some exceptions the
Magnitude of the hacienda.
- Until the farms with less extension, they are true
Most "large" sense (wage labor expenses, implements value
of tillage and machines) than those of more extension. The increase in earth
cultivated of pharms or farm of capitalist type marking belong to the
Group of smaller dimensions.
-
Lacks
of foundation the widespread tendency to consider estates -without
Special analysis of the specific data of each country and region separately
As capitalist economy.
-
Of the
penetration of capitalism in agriculture is usually judged by
data on the extension of pharms or the number and importance of large
Pharms (large for the hectares they occupy). But we must warn that everyone
They are indirect data, since
the area
occupied is far from indicating and directly if a farm or
agricultural exploitation is really large as an economic company or if it is
capitalist character.
-
Data on salaried work are, in this sense, incomparably
more demonstrative and convincing.
-
Modern (capitalist) agriculture -and in particular in small exploitation
agricultural- much more salaried work is used than what is believed
habitually.
-
In the capitalist countries of the world, a part of the farmers or farmers whose
situation is worse they are forced to resort to the sale of their strength of
job. These farmers for their main occupation, salaried workers. Is
Of course, the bulk of these rural pawns and day laborers who have a little piece
of land appears in the lower groups of agriculture.
-
With the development of capitalist agriculture the proportion of farmers
independent decreases and that of dependent rural workers increases.
-
With the development of capitalism
,
the
Intensification of agriculture
, its technical progress, the improvement of
Cultivation methods are developed there with extraordinary speed.
-
Where the dimension of the pharms is greater than
In any other region and is usually increased, it is taken as
Model of capitalism in agriculture. This is incorrect. Is due to
that
The most rough and primitive form of extensive agriculture
It is confused with
the
Intensive agriculture, based on technical progress
.
The previous theoretical details come from the study of
Lenin of the US agricultural census, published as “new data
On the laws of development of capitalism in agriculture ”
.
Other theoretical details, no less
Important, we will make them in the subsequent development of these notes.
Before continuing, we make a comment about
Lenin's last theoretical presentation referred to the US case, and is the
following:
We comment: Lenin's precision is very important for
differentiate the two ways to develop capitalism in a country - one, the road
Junker, Prussian or landowner of slow evolution of semi -feudality, of the
Another route, the Farmer route of destruction of the landowner and fast system
development of capitalism; as well as to differentiate countries
developed (now imperialist) capitalists of the semi -feudal countries and
semicolonial on whose base a bureaucratic capitalism develops. As
It is seen in North America. In Lenin's study, capitalism in the agriculture is going
imposing displacing extensive agriculture by intensive agriculture,
small by the surface it occupies compared to the extensive, but
"Great" for the amount of invested capital and the use of wage labor.
At the time of imperialism, in its last phase, in the
moment of its greatest decomposition, when this is even more monopoly, more
parasitarian and more rotten, it exports its capitals to our countries to
monopolize the land, directly or through its economic agents the
landowners and the great native bourgeois (great "modern" estates)
And so with low capital investment compared to what they would need to
produce in the imperialist countries themselves practice agriculture
extensive, which strips the peasantry, ruins the land for production
peasant, appropriate water, and drives bureaucratic capitalism to the
Guide production not to the national market but to the world market (market
Imperialist), deepening the condition of the country as a primary exporter.
The exploitation of countries oppressed by imperialism,
It has its economic base in semi -feudality. The inequality of
exchanges clearly exposed by Marx as the exchange of a greater amount
work the country dominated by a lower amount of work in the country
Dominant crystallized in the goods produced and exchanged.
Lenin differentiation from developed capitalist countries and countries
backward, law of unequal development. The opposite is to raise
a homogeneous world economic space, without
national economies and the absence of imperialist oppressors and countries
oppressed
Development of Development of the Productive Forces, two
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: DEVELOPED-PAÍSES CAPITALIST COUNTRIES. These
last are colonial or semicolonial and semi -feudal, on whose basis
It develops bureaucratic capitalism. The precapitalist agriculture of
small producer mostly
of
subsistence that constantly deteriorates is the basis of the rest of the
economic activity of oppressed countries, the peasantry that produces by
below the minimum of the maintenance and reproduction of your workforce
cheap food is the basis of the growing inequality of wages between
the workers of the oppressed countries and the workers of the imperialist countries in
and of the export sector, in particular, of these countries with
that of imperialist countries. That determines
The transfer of surplus of the countries oppressed to the countries
Imperialists
For example: in Latin America what they call „agriculture
Familiar "They are poor peasants
.
If the
example, you can see the effect it has on the value of the workforce
workers and in the maintenance of informal workers of the field and
city (precapitalist economy). In the minifundio-Latin relationship.
„In all the countries studied, the subsistence segment
It concentrates the largest number of family farms, with about 60% of the
units under this category. 28% belong to the transition segment and a
12% to consolidated family agriculture (FAO/IDB, 2007). This analysis
It allows to affirm that most of the family agriculture of ALC has
Limited productive resources with important levels of poverty, variables
that allow projecting the magnitude of the sector development challenge. ”
According to FAO/IDB (2007), three segments are distinguished to the
Interior of family agriculture:
• Subsistence segment: self -consumption oriented, with
productive resources and insufficient income to guarantee reproduction
familiar, which induces it towards wrain, change of activities or migration,
as long as your access to assets does not vary.
• Transition segment: sale and
Self -consumption, with productive resources that satisfy family reproduction.
Experience problems generating surpluses that allow you to develop
The productive unit.
• Consolidated family agriculture: has resources from
Land of greatest potential, has access to markets (technology, capital,
products) and generates surpluses for the capitalization of the productive unit.
The information collected reveals that the participation of the
family agriculture in the value of sector production does not exceed 50% in
most of the countries that possess this information, a figure that manifests
The existence of production and productivity problems in this segment, but
that at the same time, it allows to account that the contribution of this segment
(…) (FAO, 2014)
Another example of Latin America:
To understand the
Imperialist strategic plan regarding the "reform" of the PAC and the MAE of the
EU
:
„
16 April 2021
Economic Affairs
Latin America and the caribbean
They contribute 14% of world food production. Your new regional mission
is to promote the necessary transformation of agri -food systems for
feed 10,000 million people in 2050. However, the pandemic of
COVID-19 has caused an unprecedented setback in the fight against hunger
and more than 20 million people could swell the ranks of poverty.
The Latin America region and
The Caribbean represents "
A pillar for the
World Food Security "
, said the general director Friday
From the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
During a ministerial meeting dedicated to agriculture in the continent
American.
When addressing more than thirty
Ministers, what Dongyu praised the regional contribution that prevented the crisis
Sanitary of
COVID-19
HE
It would also become a food crisis. "Now they must be the
Architects of recovery, a recovery with transformation ",
He urged
“.
(
UN news
,
Global Look Human Stories,
Latin America
And the Caribbean is key to feeding 10,000 million people in 2050)
Another example of Latin America in relation to semi -feudal landowners and great capitalist exploitation (extensive and intensive agriculture))
The landowner and minifundio binomial in
LATIN AMERICA.
„
The prevalence of the estate
For this section, agricultural census data were collected
Recent from six important Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil,
Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela. The type and amount of data collected
In the census of each country they vary considerably and, therefore, the
Depth of the analysis is limited by the availability of the data. By
This reason, the attention will focus mainly on Brazil and Peru, who have
The most detailed data, and will include only limited data from Colombia,
Venezuela, Argentina and Mexico.
The first thing to highlight of the data is the continuum
Predomination of great landowners in these countries. Despite the
frequent statements over the years that great estates
They would disappear due to their inefficiency and inability to compete with
Small and medium more productive producers, this does not seem to be the case.
As Table 1 shows, the large properties of 500 hectares or more occupy
Most agricultural lands in all countries studied, note to
Page 3 and the highest properties of more than 1,000 hectares occupy almost
half of all agricultural lands in Brazil and Venezuela, more than two
-Tercios in Peru and three quarters of all agricultural lands in
Argentina and Colombia.
Fuentes: INDEC (2002), IBGE (2012), DANE (2015), Inei
(2012), GBV 2010.
Table 1:
Land concentration in Latin American countries (percent of landholdings/percent of agricultural land).
In other words, although the concentration of the earth has
decreased in some places in recent years, it is still extreme in the
most of the main Latin American countries, and the countryside is still
dominated by great landowners. However, it should be noted that there are
Significant differences between countries and within them. In some
Countries, like Chile, the great unproductive estates are practically
non -existent (Bengoabengoa reference 2013), while in other countries, such as
Colombia are omnipresent. There are also significant differences
From one region from one country to another. The northeast of Brazil, for example, has a
significantly different agrarian structure from that of the south or southeast of
Brazil, and these differences should not be overlooked.
In addition, concentrated property and predominance of great
properties do not necessarily mean that the earth is underutilized or that
It operates under a logic of risk minimization. In some regions,
large farms are used for mechanized intensive agriculture, and
In many Latin American countries, agriculture areas have been developed
highly productive. In fact, countries like Brazil and Argentina have
experienced an important boom in soybean production in recent years,
and much of this production is carried out in mechanized farms of large
size.
Therefore, to have an idea of the relative weight of the
large mechanized farms compared to other forms of production
Less intensive, I look for data on the use of the specific land of
Great farms. Figure 1 shows the use of land in large
Properties in Brazil, Colombia and Peru, the only countries for which
had data on the use of the specific land of the size of the
farms These properties are almost entirely dominated by
extensive activities such as grazing and forests, and more than 80 percent
of the land they occupy is dedicated to these two activities, while only
A small portion is used for cultivation. This seems to be the case too
For other countries, since the data on the general use of the land
They reflect this same general pattern. AND
n other words, although it is true that in
Some regions large properties are used for intensive crops,
The general trend is clearly the opposite: in the great farms of
Latin America predominate extensive activities such as grazing and
forests.
Figure 1:
Land use on large holdings (>500ha) in Brazil, Peru, and Colombia.
Not only do extensive activities predominate, but
Statistics on Earth use reveal low investment and low productivity
of these types of production. In grazing lands, for example, if
We divide the total number of animals into large farms by the total
hectares of pastures, the large farms in Brazil have only 0.65 animals per
hectare of grazing land, while in Peru it is incredibly low,
0.06 animals per hectare (IBGE 2012; INEI 2012). This means that these
landowners averages much less than one animal for each hectare of land
grazing, while small properties can have between 2 and 10
animals per hectare. In Peru, small farms of less than
fifty hectares average 12 animals per hectare of grazing land,
approximately two hundred times more than the great properties of the country (INEI
2012).
In addition, much of the land dedicated to grazing and
forests is totally unrelated, which means that the owners have
inverted little or nothing on earth and simply harvest it for their products
natural and seminatural
. In the big stays of Brazil, 33 percent
of all grazing lands are not improved, while in Peru almost
95 percent is not improved (IBGE 2012; INEI 2012). This means no
There has been no investment in things like planted or irrigated pastures, new
varieties of pastures or fertilizers that can increase the productivity of
the grazing lands. These data were not available for the big
farms in other countries, but the situation is likely to be very
similar. In Venezuela, 73 percent of all grazing lands do not
They are improved (GBV 2010).
Additional data on agricultural methods and technologies
further reveal the limited nature of the modernization of the great
Properties of Latin America. As several scholars have pointed out, the big ones
Operations often adopt some modern technologies and at the same time
They maintain low intensity activities that underutilize the earth
. Table 2
shows the percentage of large properties in Brazil and Peru that use
various methods and technologies associated with modern agriculture. Just one
minority of these farms invests in fertilizers, insecticides or irrigation,
And very few use harvesters or other agricultural machinery. Although
most
Of the great agricultural farms in Brazil they have tractors, these are
They often use as a means of transport and cleaning of land, not for
crop
. And while vaccines are widely used in both countries,
very
Few large livestock farms in both countries use insemination
artificial
. In Peru, almost 95 percent have not improved (Ibge 2012; INEI
2012). This means that there has been no investment in things like pastures
planted or irrigated, new varieties of pastures or fertilizers that can
Increase the productivity of grazing lands.
These data were not
available for large farms in other countries, but it is likely
That the situation is very similar. In Venezuela, 73 percent of all
grazing lands are not improved (GBV 2010).
Table 2:
Percent of landholdings that employ various technologies.
Since Brazil has one of the most agricultural sectors
dynamics in the region, the rest of the countries are likely to be even less
modernized.
The data of all farms in Mexico and Venezuela Dan
An idea of how prevalent are the various technologies throughout the sector
agricultural of these countries. In both cases, a minority of owners of
land uses technologies associated with modernized agriculture, and
We could probably expect similar or perhaps lower rates between
great properties that occupy most of the earth.
Brazilian census data on production and investment
They provide another indication of the low productivity logic of the great
properties
. Although the large farms of five hundred hectares or more occupy the
56 percent of all agricultural lands in Brazil, represent only 36
percent of the total production value and represent only 43 percent
of total investment (IBGE 2012). This contrasts markedly with small
farms of less than fifty hectares, which occupy only 13 percent
of the Earth but represent 35 percent of the total value of production
and 28 percent of the total investment.
In other words, great farms
They occupy more than four times more land than the little ones, but they have only a 1
percent more total production value and only 15 percent more than
total inversion.
These findings are also supported by information from the
Brazil Agrarian Reform Agency, which reported in 2010 that more than 50 for
one hundred of all great properties and 72 percent of all lands
occupied by large properties were considered “unproductive” according to
Agency parameters (Incra 2011). Footnote5
Thus, despite the limitations of census data
agricultural, we can confirm that agricultural structures in these countries
They continue to be characterized by an extreme concentration of the earth and are
dominated by large properties that use low production strategies
investment and low productivity. What gives rise to this situation, I maintain, is
The prevalence of land appropriation based on portfolio and relationships
of the resulting property, which exempt the great owners of the
market pressures to maximize the productivity of its properties. Without
However, detailed information about appropriation can rarely be found
of land in the data of the agricultural census, so I turn to the
Secondary literature in search of evidence of this. ”
The long interpolation that belongs
to
:
Agrarian Structure and Underdevelopment in Latin America:
Bringing the Latifundio “Back In”,
Chris Carlson
,
Published
online by Cambridge University Press:
02 January 2022
2.
Importance of the subject and some news of agricultural movements in the related EU
It was already said at the end of the 19th century, and retains its
News, that:
It is a phenomenon
curious the fact that agriculture gains political importance in the same
extent to which it loses economic importance in relation to the industry.
It is apparent
contradiction between economic importance and political importance,
Explain if we remember that, everywhere, the private property of the Earth
has entered into contradiction with the
existing mode of production long before property
deprived of the other means of production and engendra much faster
An unsustainable and unbearable situation.
It is not surprising that
agricultural issues occupy so vividly in civilized states to
men who direct political life. But when dealing with these issues,
These do not direct their intention to the salvation of agriculture but to that of
«Classes support of the State», whose conditions of existence have reached
become incompatible with the modern conditions of production.
In the presence of all these facts, there is no place to
astonish that the agrarian movement, to the extent that it develops,
origin to the most foolish charlatanería, that the leading classes take each
even more seriously. The one who wants to go effectively to the help of the population
Agrícola needs a lot of clarity and a great force of persuasion.
What precedes
of "the agrarian question", Karl Kausky, when the author was not yet the
Renegado Kautsky, and his work was reviewed by Lenin as the most important
Marxist economy publication after the publication of the III volume of El
Capital.
News:
2.1 Ecological transition.
The European Commission
(CE), EU executive arm, wants
reduce by 2040 by 90%
emissions
With respect to 2015 levels.
Farmer protests have
managed to do
Go back some EU plans
: CE ha
Withdrawn a proposal to reduce the use of pesticides.
Laura Demurts of the Demeter Club,
a
think tank
on food security based in Paris,
which also represents companies in the food industry.
"The European Union wants to be the
Leader of the
Ecological transition
", explains to the BBC,
adding that the block currently treats farmers such as
"principal problem".
.
2.2 Import control
The
Polish farmers protest the low import prices of
Ukraine.
"The price of products always
It is set by the businessman who buys them, and can buy them from other countries that
They do not follow the same
Restrictions
that us, "he said
to
Reuters
Spanish farmer Joan Mata, 22, in a
recent protest near Barcelona.
The farmers of Poland and Hungary
They also complain that the EU does not do enough to stop the
Imports
of cheap food
from Ukraine.
In the city of Poznan, in western
Poland, farmers demonstrated in large numbers, driving tractors
For the city, earlier this month.
Szymon Kosmalski, a 39 -year -old farmer,
blamed the
Products imported from reducing prices
still
level that does not allow you to cover production costs.
Ukraine was the fourth world producer
of cereals before the Russian invasion of 2022. To support the country, the EU
reduced import tariffs, for large local alarm.
"
Goods enter without
control.
We are absolutely against this and advocate to return
immediately to the tariffs that existed before the war and control the
that enters, "Kosmalski said
Reuters
.
Resentment is also due to
the
Free trade agreements
With countries not belonging to
the EU, in particular an upcoming agreement with the Mercosur block, formed by
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
EU farmers claim that
These countries use growth hormones, antibiotics and pesticides, all
They prohibited in the EU.
23.
Minimum prices
Siege to Paris: why they are extending
Farmers' protests in Europe
On Friday, farmers of
France blocked several highways while intensified their challenge to
New Prime Minister.
Article information
·
Author,
Redacción*
·
Role,
BBC News World
·
January 29, 2024
"The Parisians are going to
starve".
Thousands of
French farmers took their tractors on Monday and made them towards
The capital gala with the purpose of besieging it, as part of a mass protest
which develops in different parts of Europe.
The farmers
French, as well as his colleagues from much of the European Union (EU), demand
to the authorities measures that allow them to overcome inflation and effects
of the war in Ukraine, but also that some of the policies are reviewed
environmental imposed in recent years.
Several sections of
Eight highways in France were cut. The situation
created one
crisis
For the new prime minister, Gabriel Attal, who traveled to a
Farm in the southwest of the country to offer a series of measures in an attempt
for calming frustration.
Peninará
